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The so-called principlism of Beauchamp and Childress refers, on the one hand, to a common morality, and, on the other hand to a coherentist strategy of justifying moral judgements. However, when it comes to scenarios of concrete moral relevance in medical contexts, the lack of clarity of principlism has been significantly criticized. This paper discusses the problem of inference as the underlying reason for this lack of clarity. For this purpose, we, first, sketch out various modes of inference (i. e. induction, deduction, and abduction). Second, we investigate the importance of abductive reasoning for coherentist accounts of justification in ethics. The added value of the study for the medical-ethical discourse consists in a better understanding of the conceptual interrelations underlying issues of applying ethical principles in medicine.
"What is human nature?" is considered to be one of the key questions of anthropology. Throughout history, anthropologists have interpreted this question in different ways and often inferred moral conclusions from their answers. Such discussions about anthropological statements and their moral dimension gain new importance when we think about possibilities of self design brought to us by modern biotechniques. Human traits, so far conceived as unchangeable, are now subject to individual design. For that reason, the traditional questions about human nature and its moral significance have to be reconsidered in new ways. This anthology attempts to clarify some of the problems emerging in this context by reconsidering modern concepts of human nature as broadly as possible. It includes a wide spectrum of aspects concerning human nature and its implications for self design, starting with the discussion of anthropological aspects and extending to embedding present and future biotechniques into ethical analysis. Mit Beiträgen von Josep Call & Michael Tomasello, Margo DeMello, Boris Fehse, Logi Gunnarson, Nikolaus Knoepffler, Peter Kramer, Hans-Peter Krüger, Gerald Loeb, Neil Roughley, Gregor Schiemann, Thomas Schramme.
Konzeptionelle, soziale und ethische Implikationen neuer Mensch-Technik-Verhältnisse
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Die Beiträge des Bandes untersuchen, inwiefern aktuelle Entwicklungen im Bereich der Künstlichen Intelligenz (KI) zu neuartigen Interaktionsprozessen führen und das Verhältnis von Menschen und Maschinen verändern. Dabei werden zunächst neue Entwicklungen von KI-basierten Technologien in diversen Anwendungs- und Entwicklungsbereichen vorgestellt. Hieran anschließend diskutieren ausgewiesene Expert:innen neuartige Mensch-Maschine-Interaktionen aus unterschiedlichen disziplinären Perspektiven und befragen diese auf ihre sozialen, ethischen und epistemologischen Implikationen. Der Band begreift sich als interdisziplinärer Beitrag zu der soziopolitisch drängenden Frage, wie die aktuellen technologischen Veränderungen Mensch-Maschine-Verhältnisse verändern und welche Konsequenzen dies für ein Denken von Mensch und Technik hat.